Japanese American Internment during WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Japanese American Internment during WWII - Essay Example The attack destroyed two battleships, one hundred and forty nine airplanes and sunk four other battleships. The damage caused to Pearl Harbor brought about fresh resentment to the existing bias towards Japanese immigrants. Within hours of air strikes at Pearl Harbor, FBI representatives checked through Japanese American communities in Oregon, Hawaii, Washington and California and arrested community leaders, Christian ministers, Buddhist reverends, teachers of Japanese culture, language or martial arts, businessmen and people with famous political ideas. The arrests included Japanese Americans with sympathetic relations to Japan. Thousands of Japanese Americans were rounded up, interrogated and shipped to detention camps according to the orders of the Justice Department to Bismarck, Santa Fe, Crystal City and Missoula. Some Japanese Americans disappeared for years. With the entry of United States into the Second World War, anti Japanese reactions strengthened through a number of hyste rical stories of sabotage, propaganda and news related to American battlefield fatalities. Banks serving only the Japanese were closed down and the U.S. Treasury froze the bank accounts of all born in Japan (Inada & California Historical Society p.xi). Apparently, to safeguard individuals of Japanese ancestry from arrest and suspicion, a mandatory curfew was set up initially on Japanese aliens and later on Japanese American citizens and it was mandatory to carry identification. The Army pressurized the Department of Justice and the FBI to perform unannounced searches and seize contraband products in enemy alien homes with specific emphasis to weapons, cameras and radio transmitters that could be utilized to signal Japanese ships floating offshore. After ten weeks of the Second World War, in February 1942, the Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. The order authorized to exclude people of Japanese descent; both aliens and

Henry Kissinger Essay Example for Free

Henry Kissinger Essay Henry Kissinger is remembered and revered for his well-documented contributions to American foreign relations. The fact that he remained in office under two US Presidents, Richard Nixon and his successor Gerald Ford is a manifestation of his success in the political arena. His political and diplomatic maneuvers earned him a reputation across the political spectrum as one of America’s great statesmen of the 20th century. Kissinger was born in Furth, Germany in 1923 and as a Jew he fled Hitler’s anti-Semitic ideology, finding refuge in New York City in 1938. Kissinger demonstrated early signs of perseverance. Once he was settled in New York with his family Kissinger attended high school at night and took on daytime employment at a factory. After graduating from high school, Henry Kissinger enrolled at City College, New York in 1943 and from there he was drafted into the military and his career as a German interpreter began during World War II. Following Germany’s surrender, Kissinger continued to hold various positions within the military. Following his discharge from the US military, Kissinger became fully matriculated as an undergraduate at Harvard University, graduating summa cum laude with a B.  A. in 1950. He continued his studies at Harvard and graduated in 1954 with both a M. A. and a Ph. D. By the year 1962, Kissinger was a professor at Harvard and simultaneously served as an advisor to both Governor Nelson Rockefeller and the Council on Foreign Relations. Kissinger’s flair for American foreign policy and diplomacy became a matter of public record when a book written by him titled ‘Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy’ was published. The publication gained Kissinger a reputation as a scholar of foreign policy. It was in this book that Kissinger publicized his theory that the success of America abroad was not solely dependant upon her military prowess, but also in her ability to effectively identify and respond to aggression. In 1968 when Richard Nixon took office as US President, Kissinger formed a part of the Nixon administration. He was initially appointed to the office of National Security Advisor and was subsequently elevated to the position of Secretary of State. He continued to serve as Secretary of State throughout both Nixon and Ford’s administration. In his capacity as Secretary of State, Kissinger’s role in US foreign diplomacy, although active was secret. A secret trip in July 1971 to Beijing helped prepare Nixon for his February 1972 trip to China which thawed US relations with the Chinese Republic. Kissinger continued his secretive work negotiating the terms and conditions of the 1973 Paris agreements which truncated the US involvement in the Vietnam War and resulted in the coveted Nobel Peace prize in 1973. The prize was shared with North Vietnamese peace advocate Le Duc Tho. Kissinger admired the principles and ideology of realpolitik, which is a German term for political polices based on practical concepts as opposed to idealistic concepts. Realpolitik is aligned to realism. Using realpolitik ideals, Kissinger organized a short term period of detente with the Soviets which involved the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Kissinger also organized and negotiated an end to the Yom Kippur war in 1973. The Yom Kippur war had began with the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by Egypt and the invasion of Golan Heights by Syria. What followed was an era in US/Middle East relations that was characterized by Kissinger’s intensive diplomatic peace negotiations and the aftermath that shapes the current US/Middle East relations. With Kissinger’s advice and cunning Egypt and Israel agreed to the terms of a peace treaty in 1979 following the Camp David meetings which were engineered by then President Jimmy Carter the previous year. But Kissinger’s most controversial conduct was in December of 1975 when he and President Gerald Ford met with Indonesia President Suharto and gave him US approval that country’s military invasion of East Timor. Approximately 200,000 Timorese natives were killed during the invasion that followed and Kissinger’s critics advocated for him to be brought up on war crime charges. Previously there had been similar accusations and cries for prosecution against Kissinger for essentially ‘authorizing’ the Cambodian bombing in 1969. When Jimmy Carter was elected President of the United States in 1976, Kissinger resigned his office. He did however continue to play a minor role on an advisory basis to both Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush. In 2002 President George W. Bush appointed Kissinger to the chair of a committee that investigated the September 11 attacks on the US. As a result of criticism from both Democratic and Republican party members particularly with reference to his previous secret conduct and attitude toward the public together with his refusal to disclose his financial records, Kissinger resigned from the committee in December 2002. The Arab-Israeli Conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict refers to the ongoing political struggles spanning over one hundred years over the State of Israel’s endeavor to establish itself as a Jewish nation. The Arab-Israeli conflict also involves the strained relations between Israel and Arab nations. The Arab-Israeli conflict developed at beginning of 1917 following the fall of the Ottoman Empire when World War I ended. At that time British forces occupied the area known as Palestine and there was an influx of Jewish immigrants to the area. An atmosphere of Arab hatred toward the Jewish immigrants, fueled by encouragement from Muslim religious leaders helped to generate violent conflict. By the end of the Second World War, the conflict garnered international attention. The United Nations with input from the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States developed and introduced ‘two-state solution,’ which was essentially a plan to solve the Arab-Israeli conflict. The United Nations called for a partition of the region and the plan was put into motion in 1948. But rather than resolve the conflict, it only contributed to make matters worse and the first real Arab-Israel war erupted with Israel winning. A number of wars followed namely, 1956 Suez War, the 1967 Six Day War, the 1970 War of Attrition, the 1973 Yom Kippur War and the 1982 Lebanon War. There have been innumerable conflicts of less intensity than the all out military conflicts and two major Palestinian uprisings called intifadas. Henry Kissinger and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Following the Yom Kippur war of 1973, Kissinger gave new meaning to the term ‘foreign diplomacy’ with his practice of ‘shuttle diplomacy’ within the Middle East. ‘Shuttle Diplomacy is a tactic most often used when two primary parties do not formally recognize each other but want to be involved in negotiations in order to disengage opposing armies as well as to promote a lasting truce’. By this method, a third party will typically liaise between the two conflicting parties. The third party spends a great deal of time ‘shuttling back and forth between the feuding parties. ’ The term ‘shuttle diplomacy’ originated out of Henry Kissinger’s mediation efforts in the Middle East during his term as U. S. Secretary of State from 1973 to 1977. ‘Kissinger was famous for primarily using shuttle diplomacy to mediate conflicts in the Middle East throughout the1970s, specifically those between Israel and Arab States following the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Kissinger implemented ‘shuttle diplomacy’ to initiate a ceasefire following the 1973 Yom Kippur war. His reason for employing this method of mediation was to stifle and outwit the Soviet Union’s mediation efforts in the ceasefire negotiations. While Kissinger played a key role in bringing an end to the conflict between Israel, Syria and Egypt, he stepped up his efforts to intervene and mediate the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict from 1973 to 1975. Kissinger’s attitude toward the Arab-Israeli conflict was obviously one of forced conciliation. As late as 2001 he said as much when asked about the ongoing conflict. Kissinger said, ‘the Arab-Israeli conflict went from an irreconcilable cultural clash to a belief that maybe it was all a terrible misunderstanding and that if only the psychological barriers could be removed, a final settlement would be quite easy. This is what led Clinton to organize Camp David, in the belief that in one session you could finish the peace process. It turned out that there were deeply religious and philosophical obstacles. As a result, both parties have trapped themselves and have pushed the situation almost back to the point where it was when the peace process started. I think we have to go back to a much more modest understanding. We have to get back to coexistence. ’ Kissinger’s peace-making tactics during the Arab-Israeli conflict manifested itself in the days and months following the Yom Kippur war. After the ceasefire efforts primarily negotiated on behalf of the United States by Henry Kissinger, Israel was able to recapture the territory it had previously lost when the war began. In fact, Israel had acquired new territory from both Syria and Egypt. These new acquisitions included land in east Syria forming part of the Golan Heights as well as land on the west bank of the Suez Canal. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger persuaded Israel to forfeit some of the new territory back to the Arabs and as a result the first seeds of peace between Israel and Egypt were sewn. Kissinger’s efforts also contributed to the ebbing of bitter relations between the US and Egypt, a situation that had started in the 1950s when Egypt adapted a pro-Soviet ideology. Kissinger’s peace-making strategies with Egypt came to fruition in 1976 under the Camp David Accords, spear-headed by then US President Jimmy Carter. During the Camp David Accords, Israel agreed to cede Sinai back to Egyptian control provided Egypt agreed to recognize Israeli sovereignty and put an end to the conflict. William Viorst is of the opinion that Kissinger’s peace-making efforts in the Middle East during his tenure as Secretary of State was colored by an anti-Soviet agenda. Viorst’s contention is not without merit. Kissinger made no secret of his disapproval of America’s primarily moralistic approach to the Soviet Union and advocated for a more pragmatic approach to the superpower. He acted as foreign policy advisor to both the Johnson and Kenney administrations and is said to have been ‘the main intellectual force behind JFK’s flexible response strategy, which advocated maintaining both conventional and nuclear forces to respond to Communist aggression, rather than resorting to threats of massive nuclear retaliation. ’ Viorst maintains that when Kissinger commenced his mediation following the Yom Kippur War he was forced to balance two objectives. These two objectives were ‘pressing for concessions from all sides to establish some permanent negotiated settlement, and ensuring Israel came out of the agreement strong enough to act as the U. S. proxy in the area against Soviet threats. ’ Viorst said that in order for Kissinger to knit together an exchange that called for the ceding of territory by Israel and the Arabs agreeing to a non-violent response meant that Kissinger ‘had to commit the U.  S. to crucial involvement. ’ Meanwhile, President Nixon was back in Washington hanging onto the fringes of a discredited office with Watergate scandals exposed. On the other side of the world a ‘PLO massacre of 24 children in Ma’a lot’ left Israel demanding that Syria make a promise forbidding terrorists to cross the Golan into Israel;’ Syria’s Hafez Assad, loyal to his Arabic culture to a point that interfered with his ability to agree to such a pledge fearing he might be seen as weakening to the will of the Israelis. It seemed that both sides had reached a stalemate. Kissinger responded by sending a letter to the Israeli authorities averring that it mattered little what position they took against terrorist encroaching on Israeli territory. The United States would indorse whatever position they took in that regard. Viorst observes that Kissinger’s letter meant that ‘no future president would withhold American economic or military assistance as punishment for antiterrorist reprisals. It committed Washington to support such attacks before the world, most notably at the United Nations. In effect, it imposed a serious new limitation on Americas ability to compel restraint within the cycle of violence that so often ran amok in the Arab-Israeli struggle. ’ Two weeks after Yitzhak Rabin took office as Israel’s Prime Minister, President Nixon, with his presidency in tatters embarked upon a tour of the Middle East. Nixon’s goal was to ‘establish himself in the public mind as indispensable to peacemaking in the region. ’ While the Egyptians received Nixon warmly, and the Saudi’s were respectful, the Israeli reception was rather cool. Rabin had previously claimed to be grateful to the Nixon administration for ‘opening America’s depots to Israel’ and America in general for coming to the country’s aid in two previous wars. However, Rabin did not hesitate to tell Nixon that he was not at all pleased with the present US policy in connection with the Arab-Israeli conflict and moreover ‘Rabin said candidly he did not want Kissinger to press Israel to make further concessions for peace. He much preferred the old relationship with the U. S. , Rabin said, in which Israel was supplied with all the arms it wanted, while sitting on the diplomatic status quo. Nixon, encouraged in the Arab capitals to intensify peacemaking efforts, received from Rabins new government a sharp signal to slow them down. ’ Kissinger remained adamant in his resolve and was not to be persuaded to change tact for fear that his agenda would be compromised. He feared that if he stopped his shuttling efforts, the Egyptians and Syrians would seize the moment and ‘gravitate back to the Soviet camp’. Kissinger responded by turning his attention to Jordan where he stressed that it was imperative that the Jordanians ‘reestablish’ some sort of presence on the West Bank. His reason for this suggestion was said to be that he felt that there ‘could be no progress toward a Palestinian settlement, which he now considered fundamental to reaching his goal’. Rabin did not agree with this proposition for any number of reasons, but his main objection was predicated on his belief that the Palestinian issue was not germane to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Rabin however, had an agenda of his own. He wanted to establish Israel as a strong military presence in the Middle East and saw the United States as a means of achieving that goal. Moreover, peacemaking efforts was the way to get the United States to help Rabin realize his objective for the military strengthening of Israel. ‘He reasoned that Kissinger, itching to preside over an American-brokered peace, would pay heavily to get it. ’ When Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 and Gerald Ford took office as the US’s next president, Henry Kissinger remained in office as Secretary of State. Soon after the new Presidency commenced Kissinger began a renewed barrage of shuttle diplomacy. His first shuttle took him to Jerusalem. Rabin had a new demand he would only negotiate with Egypt. ‘He acknowledged candidly was the prospect of separating Egypt from the rest of the Arab world. Rabin stated he wanted peace with normalization. But the objective he really wanted was acceptance by the Arabs of permanent changes in Israels boundaries. ’ Rabin also made it clear, that negotiations would be on his terms or not at all. Kissinger feeling, he had no choice agreed on Rabin’s terms. By February 1975 when Kissinger revisited the Middle East he found that negotiations had declined sharply. Egypt’s president, Anwar Sadat was adamant that he was only interested in negotiating if it involved significant territorial increases for Egypt. Rabin on the other hand was not interested in parting with Israel’s territory. Jordan and Syria had grown distrustful of Sadat fearing he was only looking after Egypt’s interest. OPEC was considering another round of oil sanctions against Israel and the Soviets ‘were waiting in the wings for the opportunity to cement together the pieces of their old Middle East power base. ’

Antigone, by Sophocles | Analysis

Antigone, by Sophocles | Analysis Antigone is a tragedy book written by Sophocles with a protagonist named Antigone who is very determined towards her only goal of burying her dead brother Polynices as mentioned in the play. At the other side full of contrast and with a different point of view is the book House of the spirits. House of spirits is a magnificent marathon of the Trueba family including their ambitions and their love for each other. In order to enable the readers continue reading to the very end of the whole book, their attention needs to be captured and allow whatever they are reading to be understood and interesting. And for all this to be done, the reader should be involved in the story emotionally ensuring that the reader is fully in the book and not to be fully lost in the story. This is where the writers take the advantage of using emotions which makes a reader feel closer to certain characters and understand each and every thing the writer is trying to portray. Emotions!! We all have different definitions and ways of what it is. According to the dictionary, emotion is a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes. Therefore, in simpler terms, emotion is the language of a persons internal state of being. There are different types of emotions which may include joy, love, sad etc. There are various emotions present in both the books Antigone and House of the Spirits. The emotion portrayed most of the times in each of the books is Love. As a reader, we repeatedly see the emotion of love in House of the Spirits between Blanca and Pedro, Rosa and Esteban. The emotion of love is also present in Antigone between Antigone and Haemon. There is also brother-sister love presented in the play through Antigone and the dead brother Polynices. The other emotion present in both the books is emotion of hate. According to the dictionary, hate is defined as the feeling for extreme aversion or extreme hostility towards something or someone. The emotion of hate in Antigone is brought about through King Creon towards the protagonist Antigone. Throughout the play, we see King Creons hatred for the protagonist Antigone in one way or the other. Creon expresses his disgust for Antigone when she goes against him and buries her brother and argues back that she was right in doing what she had done and wasnt at all guilty, oh but I hate it even more when a traitor, caught red-handed tries to glorify his crimes.Such a harsh usage of the word hate emphasizes on how much he hates his own niece. Emotion of hate is also present in the novel House of the spirits. We see hatred from Ferula towards Esteban when he is chasing her from his house. I set my curse on you, Esteban; you will always be alone! Your body and soul will shrivel up and youll die like a dog. Reading this quote explains us how much other people are hurt through Estebans hate. There is also an emotion of pity present in the play Antigone and the novel house of spirits. This is represented at the beginning of the play through a conversation between Antigone and her sister Ismene. During the conversation, we get to know that the two sisters lost their father in a certain battle and their brothers at the same time and then we as the readers come to know that one of the brothers, Polynices, has been left unburied. And this makes us feel pity for the two sisters. There is an emotion of desire in both House of spirits and Antigone. Desire is a sense of jones within the mind, when the soul has a hungry requirement for a specific item. And in Antigone, we see this through King Creon desiring power. Through the play we see King Creons desire for power being expressed straightly through his words, That these two sisters were aiming at my throne. We see King Creon accusing the two sisters of trying to steal his power. And moreover his overwhelming desire made him think and believe that all the things happening are plans to gain his power. We experience the emotion of desire repeatedly in the novel house of the spirits through different characters. In the start, we feel Estebans desire to gain a better living standard to gain Rosa. Those were difficult times. I was about twenty-five then, but I felt as if I had only a little life left ahead of me to build my future and attain the position that I wanted. I worked like a beast and the few times I sat down to rest, not by choice but forced by the tedium of Sunday afternoons, I felt as if I were losing precious moments of my life: each idle minute meant another country away from Rosa. This clarifies that Esteban desired Rosa from his whole heart. After which we see his desire to rescue Alba from the government. There was also Blancas desire for Pedro Tercero and Esteban Garcias desire to be the heir of Esteban Trueba. Guilt is a powerful emotion because it makes people act differently than they normally act. There is also an emotion of guilt which is involved in both the play and the novel. In house of spirits, we all see that Blanca was forced to marry Jean de Satigny because she was pregnant and had no other option for her forbidden pregnancy and Jean de Satigny had no refusal towards this relationship because he had always wanted to marry a rich, young, beautiful South American heiress. And he knows that accepting this grand offer by Esteban Trueba would enable his dream come true and there was nothing for him to lose and just to gain as he didnt needed any personal fulfillment from Blanca and accepting the offer would certainly lead to advancement in his status. At the other side, emotion of guilt in Antigone is presented in scene 2 when Antigone is caught but she does not believe she has broken a true law. Creon also arrests Ismene, who tries to proclaim her guilt, but Antigone denies her and Antigone is sentenced to death. This is a bit where we experience the emotion of guilt. Emotions play a huge role towards seeking the readers attention. Having emotions in a certain novel or play attracts the readers attention and involves them into the story emotionally and to understand what the writer was trying to portray and understand the character traits by being in their position emotionally. Emotions used both in House of the spirits and Antigone had a grand effect on the readers both mentally and physically. The readers were able to understand each situation very well through the emotions brought about. For reference, in House of spirits, when we read on how Blanca used to escape at nights to meet Pedro, we extrapolate that they love each other basing on how they used to meet. We feel sad for the two sisters in Antigone when we read that they lost their father and both the brothers at the same time and one of them is still left unburied. Emotions enable to bring out the themes of the novel and the play hence allowing more understanding from the readers side. Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest: Literature Review Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest: Literature Review Go back to your writing sample from week one. Remember that it should be written as though for a university assignment. This means adhering to a structure that includes an opening statement, development paragraphs, and a conclusion. It should be no longer than 500 words long. Using Google Scholar or the search engine from your university library, search for five academic sources dealing with the same topic as the one you wrote about; these will have to be relevant to the points you want to make in your writing and support your argument or idea. Include two short quotations and three paraphrases of significant parts of the academic sources you use to support your argument. Add appropriate in-text citations and a reference list, which shows the full records of the 5 cited sources, listed in alphabetical order. Ensure that all your referencing adheres to the Chicago 16th Author-Date system. Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest is having a devastating effect on the environment. The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest on Earth. Covering an area of five and a half million square kilometres, it is composed of a diversity of ecosystems forming the Amazon Basin that drains into the Amazon River. Although deforestation can occur naturally through events such as droughts that cause many trees to die, human intervention is the most prolific cause. Rising population levels within the Amazon basin have contributed to an escalation in the deforestation of the rainforest. This is due to urbanisation and an increased demand for timber to be used in building and commercial production of items such as paper, furniture and palm oil. Deforestation has a negative impact on the local environment of the Amazon. As the forest is removed the soil loses its anchor point and it is steadily eroded, most notably during the wet season. This contributes to the instability of the remaining trees and pollution of local waterways. The physical removal of the trees removes the habitats and food sources of many animal and insect species that live there. In turn this causes a reduction in diversity of the remaining species and a disruption in the ecosystem of the rainforest. (Lean and Warrilow 1989, 411-413). A study was completed which involved simulating the deforestation of the Amazon tropical rainforest, and replacing it with pastural grazing lands. The results showed a climactic variation of a weakened hydrological cycle, with less precipitation and evaporation and an increase in surface temperature. (Lean and Warrilow 1989, 411-413). The importance of the Amazon rainforest in global environmental issues is largely due to its immense size. Terrestrial plants absorb 25% of the atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide emissions are a by-product of natural processes and human interventions such as burning fossil fuels. Through a process known as sequestering the plants store carbon in their wood and soil. The massive scale of the Amazon and its sequestering capabilities leads to it being referred to as a carbon sink: able to slow the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and therefore its contribution to global warming. It can only be classified as this if it absorbs more carbon dioxide than it releases. By 2015 the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide was 400 parts per million, this was an increase from the 290 parts per million level recorded at the turn of the century. (Keenan, Trevor, Colin Prentice, Josep Canadell, Christopher Williams, Han Wang, Michael Raupach and James Collatz 2016.) The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest not only decreases the quantity of carbon able to be stored, it also causes a dramatic increase in the levels of carbon being released into the atmosphere by the dead trees. According to the Global Forest Resources Assessment, Main Report (2010), worldwide deforestation releases almost one billion tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere annually. Although measures are beginning to be implemented to reduce the levels of carbon released into the atmosphere, more needs to be done to prevent levels rising to 600 parts per million-a level the world could reach as early as 2050[m1] (Daniel Grossman 2016, 635). Due to the sheer size of the Amazon rainforest, alterations to its local environment can be felt in other parts of the world. David Werth and Roni Avissar (2002) point out that deforestation in the Amazon has a measurable effect. It can cause a reduction in levels of precipitation and evapotranspiration as well as the formation of clouds. This impact could be felt in several areas around the world, that displayed an increase in the length of their dry seasons. Restoration of the tropical rainforest areas of extensive deforestation could be greatly inhibited due to this increase in temperature and dryness. (Shukra, Nobre and Sellers 1990, 1322-1325). though the numbers are not as high as the ones recorded in the previous decade. Deforestation is the second largest anthropogenic (human-caused) source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Brazil and Indonesia, which had the highest net loss of forest in the 1990s, have significantly reduced their rate of loss, according plays a crucial role in keeping carbon out of our atmosphere, as it naturally absorbs about 28% of the atmospheric carbon emitted by the burning of fossil fuels elsewhere According to Michael Daley, associate professor of environmental science at Lasell College in Newton, Massachusetts, the No. 1 problem caused by deforestation is the impact on the global carbon cycle. Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared radiation are called greenhouse gases. If greenhouse gases are in large enough quantity, they can force climate change, according to Daley. While oxygen (O2) is the second most abundant gas in our atmosphere, it does not absorb thermal infrared radiation, as greenhouse gases do. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent greenhouse gas. In 2012, CO2 accounted for about 82 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Trees can help, though. 300 billion tons of carbon, 40 times the annual greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, is stored in trees, according to Greenpeace. [m1]

A Postmodern Take on a Hollywood Film Classic Essay -- Movies Papers

A Postmodern Take on a Hollywood Film Classic The jacket blurb on Robert Coover’s creative compilation A Night at the Movies reads: â€Å"From Hollywood B-movies to Hollywood classics, A Night at the Movies invents what ‘might have happened’ in these Saturday afternoon matinees. Mad scientists, vampires, cowboys, dance-men, Chaplin, and Bogart, all flit across Robert Coover’s riotously funny screen, doing things and uttering lines that are as shocking to them as they are funny to the reader. As Coover’s Program announces, you will get Coming Attractions, The Weekly Serial, Adventure, Comedy, Romance, and more, but turned upside-down and inside-out.† It is perhaps more appropriate to call Coover’s work a creative compilation as opposed to a novel or even a collection of short stories. A single theme of â€Å"what might have happened† runs throughout each of the inclusions, each inclusion being devoted to a particular Hollywood movie. Thus, the text as a whole is united b y means of this common thread, but the thread is thin and stretched tightly, resulting in each inclusion having the ability to stand alone as a complete and independent work, related to the others, yet individual. The complete collection may be examined as a work, or conversely, each individual â€Å"story† may be considered a finished work to be studied. Each chapter invents its own reality, a reality of the screen, of the movies, that is brought into closer contact by means of a literary text. The book as a whole, then, glorifies in the postmodern tradition multiple interpretations of reality. Movies themselves present alternative realities or interpretations of perceived realities, most often differing from our own individual constructions. Thus, by offering ... ...nto playful pornography, and in doing so has once again acted in the postmodern tradition. Transforming this film classic is in a way blasphemy. The film has been held in the highest esteem by movie critics for decades, and here Coover has deconstructed and destroyed it in a mere thirty-one pages. The manner in which he has done it is indeed witty, however, and certainly eclectic and new. Works Cited Barth, John. â€Å"The Literature of Replenishment,† from Atlantic Monthly 254: 1. January 1980. Coover, Robert. â€Å"You Must Remember This,† in A Night at the Movies. Normal: Dalkey Archive Press, 1997. 156-187 Epstein, Julius J., Philip G. Epstein, and Howard Koch. Casablanca. Original Screenplay. Warner Brothers Studio, 1942. Hoover, Jeff. â€Å"Towards a Description of Modernism and Postmodernism in Literature.† Cedar Rapids: Coe College, Sept. 21, 1999.

Right to Counsel Paper

Right to Counsel Paper Joslyn R. Ollila CJA/364 09/17/2012 Chris Bragg Right to Counsel Paper To analyze and understand the aspects of the right to counsel one must understand the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States which states that; any person that is a U. S. citizen accused of a crime will have the right to counsel during a Criminal Procedure that helps aid the defendants or person accused defense. In this paper I am going to analyze the aspects of the right to counsel and the developments of the right to counsel in depth.Criminal Procedures included in the right to counsel and when self-representation came about will also be discussed. Also the role of an attorney and how it applies to our right to counsel. To understand the Right to counsel one must understand the when it and how long ago it began. In the 16th and 17th century’s Criminal Defense attorneys were actually banned from certain criminal cases which prevented people from proper rights and ju stice. Later in the 17th century Criminal Defense attorneys began to be allowed in treason cases (which previously were not), by the 18th century almost all criminal cases could have a defense attorney.The reasoning behind these changes was due to the Amendments of the Constitution as well and ratification of some of these Amendments I will discuss later in this paper. The Amendments of our Constitution focus highly on fundamental Rights which safe-guard us against federal and state actions giving us a right to the Due Process of Law. Included in these rights were a suspect accused of a crime was aloud a right to counsel aid during interrogations and Criminal Prosecutions. Under the Fourteenth Amendment it is a violation to convict a defendant without a counsel aid which violates those individuals’ rights.The purpose and reasoning behind these rights of counsel aid is to lead to a fair trial. Our right to counsel in the United States is a right we all have whether we have com mitted a crime or not. A right to counsel is viewed as a privilege and shows equality in our Justice System. A person accused of a crime can choose to have a counsel aid in their defense which this right begins immediately when taken into police custody. For people who are a defendant for trial and they cannot afford counsel they then are appointed counsel. This right to counsel clause show how balanced our Criminal Justice system is in following the Constitution.The ratification of the Sixth Amendment which added State requirements for right to counsel changed to what we know it as today. The reason this right to counsel is so important is those of us that are wrongly accused of a crime have protection and we also have a guarantee whether we are guilty or not guilty we are treated fairly and proper convictions get done and justice gets served. Another aspect in our criminal justice system I found surprising the more I learned about was our right to Self- Representation. A defendant has the right to represent themselves and can get approved for what appears and is a risky request.In our history in the U. S. of self-representation cases the majority have not succeeded in their intended outcome of the trial after making that choice. A defendant who chooses self-representation have a higher chance in losing their case, however the principle of the fact that one can choose so goes along with our constitution ensuring our freedoms, rights, and protections. Many who choose to self-represent are often people who mistrust the CJS, have had bad experiences with past attorneys, or simply because they believe they can do better than any other aid.An individual who chooses this option must know proper court room expectations and guidelines, have proper opening and closing arguments, and stay on track throughout proceedings with the case and displaying factual, reliable evidence. The decision of whether or not to have an attorney/counsel is a decision we all have to make. It is not required to obtain an attorney or accept the one appointed to you; however it is crucial to use any aid one can due to the legal advice that can be life changing advice.Having an attorney gives the attorney the opportunity to serve as our advisor or consultant who is very knowledgeable of the Criminal Justice System and court processes. When using the service of an attorney there are many steps in the process that are required. A consultation is an opportunity for the attorney to explain to their client the possible positives and negative outcomes of the case. An attorney is there for their clients to ask questions, and he/she will guide and direct their client with the legal expertise.If you choose to have an attorney which is highly recommended hat attorney has to commit and be successful in their efforts. Attorneys duties are; to be supportive by participating with all efforts, develop strong arguments for their client, and communicate with the court room efficiently. H aving the right to counsel ensures we have a backbone in the courtroom by having the opportunity to have a person appointed to us with zealous and ethical representation. An attorney communicates effectively, gives legal directions, while keeping their client attorney based relationship and details confidential.An attorney must be loyal while keeping our best interests in first priority. Reference Page: Hoefel, J. C. (2007) Toward Moore robust Right to Counsel of Choice. Sandiego Law Review, 44(3), 525-550. Retrieved September 15th 2012 from EBSCOhost University Library. Holland, B. (2009), A relational sixth Amendment during interrogation. Journal or Criminal Law and Criminology 99(2), 381. Retrieved September 16th 2012 from EBSCOhost University Library. http://criminal. findlaw. com/criminal-rights/right-to-counsel/ http://www. law. cornell. edu/wex/right_to_counsel

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See Order Info Example See Order Info – Coursework Example Ethics What Would Be The Dilemma And The Implications Of Such A Crime On The Individual, The Family, The Community, And Society Stealing is a crime, which affects the life of individual, family as well as the society. As per the norms of society, any kind of stealing is considered a punishable offence. Similarly, stealing food is a crime and people who are involved into this type of crime should be punishable by law because it affects the life of other people within society and community. The dilemma that is associated with the provided crime scenario is noted to be largely affecting the overall needs of family members, society and community. Rather the basic needs of an individual and stealing for fulfilling such needs can be a serious issue as the person who is involved in this type of crime reflects on his criminal tendencies (FAO Org, 2012). However, in the provided case the purpose of stealing is to arrange the food for the family members and fulfill their basic needs, which is stated as the fundamental duty of the individual. Therefore, in this case it is can be stated that there is a huge amount of moral underpinnings associated with the same. Thus, it is evident from the case scenario a huge amount of dilemma that is associated with meeting the basic needs of the individuals. Rather it is evident that at the ethical grounds meeting with the basic needs of the family is a fundamental duty of the individual whereas taking jurisdiction view the same is punishable before law. Hence, it could be termed that the act that is committed by the individual is noted to be ethically correct whereas the same is violating the needs of legal bindings associated with the same for the overall progression of the society as well as the community (FAO Org, 2012). ReferenceFAO Org. (2012). Social protection of food security. Community on World Food Security, 7-95. See Order Info Example See Order Info – Coursework Example The Affordable Care Act Important Elements of the Affordable Care Act In Relation To Community and Public Health The ‘Affordable Care Act’, which introduced by the US President Barack Obama, possesses certain special attributes. A few of them include free of cost preventive care, discount on the medicinal value for the elders and ensuring providing effective as well as quality care to the patients. Above all, in relation to community and public health, one of the important constituents of the Affordable Care Act is recognized as that it enables free medical coverage for the children until they reach 26 years of age. The Act has been playing a decisive role in the transformation of the existing healthcare system in the nation. Justifiably, the ‘American Nurses Association’ (ANA) has designed a chart based upon the guidelines of the Act, which provides detailed understanding about the recent changes made in the field of healthcare and their implications for fu ture. Apart from this, adopting effective measures towards safeguarding against healthcare fraud is deemed to be the other important element of the above discussed Act (Hall, 2011). Role of the Nurse in Implementing the Affordable Care ActFor the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, the job of the nurses is deemed to be much vital, as their roles are multi-faceted. It has been quite evident that healthcare nurses provide expert treatment services and education to the people who are entitled to receive the same. On the other hand, school nurses promote health prevention measures amid the students of distinct schools. Occupational healthcare nurses are involved in monitoring, promoting and working over environment related concerns. Correctional nurses engage in offering medical services to the prisoners in jail (American Nurses Association, Inc., 2014). Thus, by segregating the job tasks of the various nurses’ type, their role in executing the stated Act can be determined . ReferencesAmerican Nurses Association, Inc. (2014). Health care transformation: The Affordable Care Act and more. Retrieved from nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/HealthSystemReform/AffordableCareAct.pdfHall, M. A. (2011). Risk adjustment under the Affordable Care Act: A guide for federal and state regulators. Issue Brief, 7, 1-11. See Order Info Example See Order Info – Coursework Example Response Paper of Learning Response Paper I did like this article, because it focuses on the problem of seriously ill people. The author considers extremely important issue, namely the issue of futile treatment. Futile treatment is understood as a treatment that is not effective for the patient and as a result, the patient is forced to experience excruciating pain. In fact, futile treatment is often associated with moral dilemmas. Despite the constant development of modern science, medicine still cannot offer an effective treatment for all human diseases. Many patients have to experience serious suffering for the simple reason that the medicine cannot give them an effective treatment able to stop their suffering. In this regard, not only medical staff but also family members of the patient are faced with a serious dilemma. They have to decide whether it makes sense to continue the senseless treatment while their relative is experiencing terrible suffering and asks to save him/her fro m them. The situation is extremely difficult and painful. The relatives of the patient have to give him/her the opportunity to die in peace while it suggests a hasty farewell with the loved one. The value of this amazing article is that it draws attention to the psychological complexity of the situation. The author emphasizes the special role of medical students who should provide psychological assistance to both the patient and his/her relatives. This task is extremely important because a medical student is the mediator between the two sides and he/she should help both sides reach an agreement. In this regard, the work of medical students is very stressful.ReferencesLi, M. (2012). Dealing with futile treatment: A medical students perspective. Australian Medical Student Journal, 3(2), 58-60.