Instincts in humans

Instincts in humans Instinct is behavioral triggering mechanism which occurs in all living organism. They are merely responses towards some stimuli. These stimuli can occur through environmental interaction or through learning. Humans instincts are mostly witnessed in human behaviors which include sexual activation and human emotions. Instincts occur as a result of stimuli which trigger certain behaviors. These behaviors are predetermined by natural and environment setups. Instincts are innate/ unlearned. The patterns of the actions are as result of instincts which are fixed, inherited but unlearned. This introduces a new concept of innate behavior. This shows that contrary to actions triggered by learning experience, instincts are shown as having no learning format. These behaviors are determined by human maturity. The biological outcomes can be termed as innate behaviors that can be adapted easily. Examples of these include; reproduction, courtship, fighting amongst others. Despite this, there is no specific argument of human behavior being instinct controlled. Some sociologists argue that instinctive behavior should acquire such characters such as being; irresistible and be vulnerable to changes. They also believe that it should apply to all organisms as well as being unlearned (John, 1993, 21). Instincts are mainly controlled by the brain and require some manipulation of the neurological system through learning. Learning may take various forms such as habituation and association. Habituation involves neglecting of non stimulating stimuli. On the other hand association involves linking up experience to obtain stimuli. In this type of learning, meaningful decisions are arrived at. It involves discriminating some things to gain others. Instincts are involuntary in that they are inbuilt responses to a natural event. It is a natural inward impulse that result to some outstanding behavior traits such involuntarily, unreasoning and unconscious state leading to certain actions without considering the outcome. Thus instinct is an involuntary force in a certain direction of events. Instinct takes into consideration, the spiritual life and it triggers the thinking capacity in a human whom in failure to thing may be forced to do so. Whenever the degree of being conscious decreases as a result of contributing factors such as; fatigue and depression, then an instinctive behavior originates (Donald, Martin, 1997, 11). In this view, instinct can be discussed in various aspects which include sexuality, creativity, and activity amongst others. Experience is a contributing factor to certain behavior to ones offsprings by affecting gene appearance. Protein contents in the body are determined by the location and quantity of genes in the body and are controlled by the environment and learning. Genes are mainly affected by environmental changes which as a result bring changes in the lineage inheritance of genes. Key stimulus is an occurrence which affects behavior as a result of the instinct created. These stimuli contribute to innate simulations which as a result leads to fixed action patterns. Instincts are complex fixed action patterns. Instincts are character traits that are inherited and unchanged in an organism. They are responses to environment and they occur unconditionally. They can be viewed as a prose of behaviors which are unchanged. These fixed action patterns occur as a result of a response to a signal or stimuli. These signals are referred to as releasers when they work as communicating bonds between organisms of the same species. Fixed action patterns in validity creates a rigid and inefficient survival mechanism since this will restrict an organism in behaving in a certain manner, for instance, the behavior of birds rolling white objects into their nests referring them to eggs. The type of the fixed action patterns are mainly determined by certain body cells which are referred to as sensory receptors (Andrew, 1994, 53). For example the auditory sensory receptor can receive a terrifying sound which may result to a flight response. The magnitude of the key sti mulus is determined by the integration of various signals in the sensory cells which also determine the magnitude of the response. Hormones are cores of these responses and are produced in the endocrine system in a body. Behavioral genetics is the study of human behavior which occurs as a result of a response to a certain stimuli triggered through learning or environment. Instincts can also be considered to be the contributors to survival activities such as cultural and political. These are prospered through learning which non instinct is. There are times when there double existences of contradicting instincts may lead to a displaced situation. Instincts are activated by releaser. It is true that all human beings can be motivated or have motive. This implies that the behavior is in a certain manner so as to achieve a perceived stand. Emotions are believed to be day in day out scenario in every person across the divide whether promising or not. Mainly emotions and motives are mainly controlled by the nervous system (Andrew, 1994, 71). These bring some biological influences which trigger humans to behave in certain ways in response to the effects. These are instincts. Instinct is present in every species. Instinct is viewed as the inbuilt trait of an organism directed to behavior pattern, in response to certain stimuli such as environmental. In nature, all living organisms are perceived to posses some behavioral traits as a response to some external stimuli and they respond to them without learning; for instance bees respond to nectar flowers without being instructed. Thus instincts are taken to apply to every species since most of the behavioral traits are as a result of instincts. They determine to great extent, the survival mechanism. For instance, imprinting is an instinct in certain birds. In this type of instinct, birds are swayed in following any moving object referring it to be the mother (Donald, Martin, 1997, 33). This instinct also contributes to selection of sex as birds tend to follow the traits of the parents of the opposite sex. In considering the behaviors of species, learning may be involved, though, it is not a factor in instinctive behavior. The inputs in any occurrence may affect both the releasing stimuli and the results. Sociobiology and ethnology deals are the study of human behavior and animal behavior. On the other hand, Psychoanalysts view instinct in terms of motivational drives. Instincts can be viewed as reflexes. These determine developmental stages in living organism. There is also existing argument that humans may not be having instincts thus making them to acquire complex behavior patterns (John, 1993, 50). In conclusion, instincts can be viewed as inborn perception of a living organism as a response to some stimuli which are influenced by learning or environment. It can also be deduced that instincts occur in every species since it is a character trait in response to a certain stimuli which might be disastrous. Instincts can also be seen as reflexes in human body. There are some outstanding human characters which have been attributed to instincts. These include; human moods, fight and fight responses. Work Cited Andrew L. Cherry. The Socializing Instincts: Individual, Family, and Social bonds, Mahwah, NJ, Praeger Publisher, 1994 Donald H. Ford, Martin E. Ford. Humans as Self-Constructing Living systems, New York, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997 John Birtchnell. How Humans Relate: A New Interpersonal Theory, Mahwah, NJ, Praeger Publishers, 1993

Comparing Winterbourne and Prufrock :: Daisy Miller, Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When creating his famous poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", T.S. Eliot was inspired by a character depicted in the novella known as Daisy Miller, written by Henry James. This character, Winterbourne, was intertwined and considered when creating the timid character of Prufrock. It is evident that both men share similar personalities and characteristics that link them together, both being prime examples of emptiness and despair told through theses writings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The central concern in Daisy Miller is of the "analogies and differences" between people. In this story, a young American man, Winterbourne, is confused and intrigued by the behavior of a young American woman, Daisy Miller. Winterbourne had wondered about all of the cold shoulders that had been turned towards her, and sometimes it annoyed him to suspect that she did not feel at all. He said to himself that she was too light and childish, too uncultivated and unreasoning. Then at other moments he believed that she carried about in her an elegant and perfectly observant consciousness from the impression she produced. He asked himself whether Daisy's defiance came from the consciousness of innocence or from her being, essentially, a young person of the "common" class. After getting to know Daisy, he was confused about getting to know his and her emotions. It is far evident that Winterbourne does not come to conclusions about people easily. He was very much influenced by the biases of his upbringing in culture, and he questioned them occasionally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" is about a timid and downcast man in search of meaning, of love, and in search of something to break from the dullness and superficiality which he feels his life to be. Eliot lets us into Prufrock's world for an evening, and traces his progression of emotion from timidity, and, ultimately, to despair of life. He searches for meaning and acceptance by the love of a woman, but falls miserably because of his lack of self-assurance. Prufrock is a man for whom, it seems, everything goes wrong, and for whom there are no happy allowances. The emptiness and shallowness of Prufrock's "universe" and of Prufrock himself are evident from the very beginning of the poem. He cannot find it in himself to tell the woman what he really feels, and when he tries to tell her, it comes out in a mess. At the end of the poem, he realizes that he has no big role in life.

Essay on Critical Thinking and Writing

Critique on the Importance of Critical Thinking and Critical Writing in the Social Sciences Critical thinking is defined as the most objective way to interpret, analyze, explain or evaluate a specific topic or conflict. An easy way to explain critical thinking is as an intelligent way that judges use in court to sentence people as guilty or innocent. The way judges use critical thinking at court is by asking lawyers from both sides of the case to show him whatever factual evidence they have so that he or she can take the best decision on the case.Basically the side who should win the case is the one that has sufficient evidences to prove to the judge whatever statement they are making. There is no way a lawyer should win a case only by expressing his or her opinions before the judge; that wouldn’t be an objective way to try to win the case. Critical thinking is the most rational way to react to any matter. By using critical thinking on a daily basis people from any environment are able to take better decisions than by using any non-critical thinking method.For example when someone is offered drugs for a first time; with the use of critical thinking that person can analyze whether to take it or not. The person can look at the advantages and disadvantages of taking the drug in order to make the best decision for him or her. A non-critical way of looking at it would be if the person tries the drug only because he or she is offered. Basically to not think critically means to not make the use of intelligence to analyze or evaluate any matter before making a decision. In writing about a topic or conflict the use of critical thinking is very important in order to get the best conclusion possible.The first thing the writer looks for are what the two sides of the conflict are. There is no way someone can write a good paper if there is no factual evidence to support both sides of the conflict in order to make a conclusion. A good paper is based on evidence rather than pure subjective claims or opinions. A writer who gives pure opinions on a paper does not make the use of critical thinking to write it because in order to do so he or she needs to analyze evidences to support his or her conclusion about it.

Working in the 19th century essays

Working in the 19th century essays Working in the late nineteenth century Late in the nineteenth century, as the United States was recovering from the devastating effects of the civil war, poverty and famine began to strike the people of the country (pg 25). Financial panic sparked the beginning of a severe depression and the people grew restless as wages were being cut and the work place became more unsuitable for safe work (pg 25). Even though wages were almost too low to make ends meet, the rapid growth of immigration and the increase of unemployment gave the industry owners the opportunity to submit its workers to unfit workplaces and low wages. There were many effects of the industrial revolution, but weather the conditions were improving or getting worse depended on the perspective and position of the individual. The economic situations of the general population were improving, but still not comparable to the standards of today. Testimony of Workmen gave good sources on what the average worker thought about their job in that era. The bias in the testimony is most workers always feel they are worth more then the credit given to them. Another valuable source was Earnings, Expenses and Conditions of Workingmen and Their Families. Although this seems to be a great source of information on the time period about the money situation of the common worker, information could be questionable because they would like an appearance everything is good in order to maintain their power. Life was improving for most educated families backed by unions, but families lacking education and means to communicate due to immigration halted the ability to adapt and grow as hastily as the rest of the society. Since most immigrants were unable to communicate and understand the predominant language of the society, they did not have the opportunity to seek education due to lack of teachings in their native tongue. Plagued by no education, and no backing...

Evaluate the historiographical debate surrounding the issue essays

Evaluate the historiographical debate surrounding the issue essays According to Weisel, with Germanys defeat in World War I, the nation was left with a broken government, a severely limited military, shattered industry and transportation, and a sinking economy under the strain of war debts. Many Germans were demoralized. (2000, pg 10) The Nazi (National Socialist German Workers Party) party came to power in the late 1920s. The party, through its leader Adolf Hitler, offered to restore German its pride. Holding large rallies, Hitler spoke of Germanys long military tradition, its national character, and its entitlement to greatness. To explain Germanys fallen state, Hitler targeted the Jews and others whom he said were not true Germans. In 1925, Hitler had published in Mein Kampf , writing: "Today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord." Many Germans were swayed by his speech and responded enthusiastically to his ideas, and in 1933 he was appointed Fuhrer (leader) of the country. (2000, pg 10 - 11) Once in power, Hitler was able to restore Germanys economy and its military. He used that progress to support his expansion efforts, unchecked by Allied countries struggling with the worldwide Great Depression. In 1938 Hitler began invading the lands around Germany. From 1933 to 1939 Hitler aimed to achieve a "social revolution" in Germany. Through his concept of volksgemeinschaft, meaning 'people's community,' he hoped to transform Germany into a strong country based on traditional peasant values. The Protocols are used by the Nazis to whip up public hatred of the Jews in the 1930's. Widespread pogroms occur in Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Poland, Rumania, and the USSR. Between 1933 and 1939, the Nazis enacted over 400 laws to define, segregate, and impoverish German Jews. German society was gradually excluding the Jews without mercy. When the Na...

Neoliberal Transition in Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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